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+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
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+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Control Structures\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Control structures allow us to control the flow of execution in a Python\n",
+    "program. The two main types are **conditional statements (`if`\n",
+    "statements)** and **loops (`for` and `while` loops)**.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Conditional Statements\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Conditional statements allow a program to execute different blocks of\n",
+    "code depending on whether a given condition is `True` or `False`. These\n",
+    "conditions are typically comparisons, such as checking if one number is\n",
+    "greater than another.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### The `if` Statement\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The simplest form of a conditional statement is the `if` statement. If\n",
+    "the condition evaluates to `True`, the indented block of code runs.\n",
+    "Otherwise, the program moves on without executing the statement.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "For example, consider a situation where we need to determine if a person\n",
+    "is an adult based on their age. If the age is 18 or greater, we print a\n",
+    "message saying they are an adult.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### The `if-else` Statement\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Sometimes, we need to specify what should happen if the condition is\n",
+    "`False`. The `else` clause allows us to handle this case. Instead of\n",
+    "just skipping over the block, the program can execute an alternative\n",
+    "action.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "For instance, if a person is younger than 18, they are considered a\n",
+    "minor. If the condition of being an adult is not met, the program will\n",
+    "print a message indicating that the person is a minor.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### The `if-elif-else` Statement\n",
+    "\n",
+    "When dealing with multiple conditions, the `if-elif-else` structure is\n",
+    "useful. The program evaluates conditions in order, executing the first\n",
+    "one that is `True`. If none of the conditions are met, the `else` block\n",
+    "runs.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "For example, in a grading system, different score ranges correspond to\n",
+    "different letter grades. If a student’s score is 90 or higher, they\n",
+    "receive an “A”. If it’s between 80 and 89, they get a “B”, and so on. If\n",
+    "none of the conditions match, they receive an “F”.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Nested `if` Statements\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Sometimes, we need to check conditions within other conditions. This is\n",
+    "known as **nesting**. For example, if we first determine that a person\n",
+    "is an adult, we can then check if they are a student. Based on that\n",
+    "information, we print different messages.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "``` python\n",
+    "# Getting user input for the student's score\n",
+    "score = int(input(\"Enter the student's score (0-100): \"))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "if 0 <= score <= 100:\n",
+    "    if score >= 90:\n",
+    "        grade = \"A\"\n",
+    "    elif score >= 80:\n",
+    "        grade = \"B\"\n",
+    "    elif score >= 70:\n",
+    "        grade = \"C\"\n",
+    "    elif score >= 60:\n",
+    "        grade = \"D\"\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        grade = \"F\"  # Score below 60 is a failing grade\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    if grade == \"F\":\n",
+    "        print(\"The student has failed.\")\n",
+    "        retake_eligible = input(\"Is the student eligible for a retest? (yes/no): \").strip().lower()\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "        if retake_eligible == \"yes\":\n",
+    "            print(\"The student is eligible for a retest.\")\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            print(\"The student has failed the course and must retake it next semester.\")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "------------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Loops in Python\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Loops allow a program to execute a block of code multiple times. This is\n",
+    "especially useful for tasks such as processing lists of data, performing\n",
+    "repetitive calculations, or automating tasks.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### The `for` Loop\n",
+    "\n",
+    "A `for` loop iterates over a sequence, such as a list, tuple, string, or\n",
+    "a range of numbers. Each iteration assigns the next value in the\n",
+    "sequence to a loop variable, which can then be used inside the loop.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "For instance, if we have a list of fruits and want to print each fruit’s\n",
+    "name, a `for` loop can iterate over the list and display each item.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Another useful feature of `for` loops is the `range()` function, which\n",
+    "generates a sequence of numbers. This is commonly used when we need to\n",
+    "repeat an action a specific number of times. For example, iterating from\n",
+    "0 to 4 allows us to print a message five times.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Additionally, the `enumerate()` function can be used to loop through a\n",
+    "list while keeping track of the index of each item. This is useful when\n",
+    "both the position and the value in a sequence are needed.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "``` python\n",
+    "fruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\"]  \n",
+    "for x in fruits:  \n",
+    "  print(x)\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "``` python\n",
+    "for x in range(6):  \n",
+    "  print(x)  \n",
+    "else:  \n",
+    "  print(\"Finally finished!\")\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### The `while` Loop\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Unlike `for` loops, which iterate over a sequence, `while` loops\n",
+    "continue running as long as a specified condition remains `True`. This\n",
+    "is useful when the number of iterations is not known in advance.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "For example, a countdown timer can be implemented using a `while` loop.\n",
+    "The loop will continue decreasing the count until it reaches zero.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "It’s important to be careful with `while` loops to avoid infinite loops,\n",
+    "which occur when the condition never becomes `False`. To prevent this,\n",
+    "ensure that the condition will eventually change during the execution of\n",
+    "the loop.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "A `while` loop can also be used to wait for a certain event to occur.\n",
+    "For example, in interactive programs, a `while True` loop can keep\n",
+    "running until the user provides a valid input, at which point we break\n",
+    "out of the loop.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "``` python\n",
+    "i = 1  \n",
+    "while i < 6:  \n",
+    "  print(i)  \n",
+    "  i += 1\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "------------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Loop Control Statements\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Python provides special statements to control the behavior of loops.\n",
+    "These can be used to break out of a loop, skip certain iterations, or\n",
+    "simply include a placeholder for future code.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### The `break` Statement\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The `break` statement is used to exit a loop before it has iterated\n",
+    "through all its elements. When the `break` statement is encountered, the\n",
+    "loop stops immediately, and the program continues executing the next\n",
+    "statement outside the loop.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "For instance, if we are searching for a specific value in a list, we can\n",
+    "use a `break` statement to stop the loop as soon as we find the item,\n",
+    "instead of continuing unnecessary iterations.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### The `continue` Statement\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The `continue` statement is used to skip the current iteration and\n",
+    "proceed to the next one. Instead of exiting the loop entirely, it simply\n",
+    "moves on to the next cycle.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "For example, if we are iterating over numbers and want to skip\n",
+    "processing number 2, we can use `continue`. The loop will ignore that\n",
+    "iteration and proceed with the next number.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### The `pass` Statement\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The `pass` statement is a placeholder that does nothing. It is useful\n",
+    "when a block of code is syntactically required but no action needs to be\n",
+    "performed yet.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "For example, in a loop where a condition has not yet been implemented,\n",
+    "using `pass` ensures that the code remains valid while avoiding errors."
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