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-\section{Basics of Python}\label{basics-of-python}
-
-This page contains important fundamental concepts used in Python such as
-syntax, operators, order or precedence and more.
-
-\subsection{Syntax}\label{syntax}
-
-\subsubsection{Indentations and blocks}\label{indentations-and-blocks}
-
-In python \emph{indentations} or the space at the start of each line,
-signifies a block of code. This becomes important when we start working
-with function and loops. We will talk more about this in the controls
-structures tutorial.
-
-\subsubsection{Comments}\label{comments}
-
-Comments can be added to your code using the hash operator (\#). Any
-text behind the comment operator till the end of the line will be
-rendered as a comment. If you have an entire block of text or code that
-needs to be commented out, the triple quotation marks (``\,``\,``) can
-be used. Once used all the code after it will be considered a comment
-until the comment is ended with the triple quotation marks.f
-
-\subsection{Operators}\label{operators}
-
-In python, operators are special symbols or keywords that perform
-operations on values or variables. This section covers some of the most
-common operator that you will see in this course.
-
-\subsubsection{Arithmetic operators}\label{arithmetic-operators}
-
-\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}}
-\toprule\noalign{}
-Operator & Name \\
-\midrule\noalign{}
-\endhead
-\bottomrule\noalign{}
-\endlastfoot
-+ & Addition \\
-- & Subtraction \\
-* & Multiplication \\
-/ & Division \\
-\% & Modulus \\
-** & Exponentiation \\
-// & Floor division \\
-\end{longtable}
-
-\subsubsection{Comparison operators}\label{comparison-operators}
-
-Used in conditional statements such as \texttt{if} statements or
-\texttt{while} loops. Note that in the computer world a double equal
-sign (\texttt{==}) means \emph{is equal to}, where as the single equal
-sign assigns the variable or defines the variable to be something.
-
-\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}}
-\toprule\noalign{}
-Operator & Name \\
-\midrule\noalign{}
-\endhead
-\bottomrule\noalign{}
-\endlastfoot
-== & Equal \\
-!= & Not equal \\
-\textgreater{} & Greater than \\
-\textless{} & Less than \\
-\textgreater= & Greater than or equal to \\
-\textless= & Less than or equal to \\
-\end{longtable}
-
-\subsubsection{Logical operators}\label{logical-operators}
-
-\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}}
-\toprule\noalign{}
-Operator & Descrription \\
-\midrule\noalign{}
-\endhead
-\bottomrule\noalign{}
-\endlastfoot
-and & Returns True if both statemetns are true \\
-or & Returns True if one of the statements is true \\
-not & Reerse the result, returns False if the result is true \\
-\end{longtable}
-
-\subsubsection{Identity operators}\label{identity-operators}
-
-\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}}
-\toprule\noalign{}
-Operator & Description \\
-\midrule\noalign{}
-\endhead
-\bottomrule\noalign{}
-\endlastfoot
-is & Returns True if both variables are the same object \\
-is not & Returns True if both variables are not the same object \\
-\end{longtable}
-
-\subsection{Order of Operation}\label{order-of-operation}
-
-Similarly to the order or precedence in mathematics, different computer
-languages have their own set of rules. Here is a comprehensive table of
-the order of operation that python follows.
-
-\begin{longtable}[]{@{}
- >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.5093}}
- >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 2\tabcolsep) * \real{0.4907}}@{}}
-\toprule\noalign{}
-\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright
-Operator
-\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright
-Description
-\end{minipage} \\
-\midrule\noalign{}
-\endhead
-\bottomrule\noalign{}
-\endlastfoot
-\texttt{()} & Parentheses \\
-\texttt{**} & Exponentiation \\
-\texttt{+x} \texttt{-x} \texttt{\textasciitilde{}x} & Unary plus, unary
-minus, and bitwise NOT \\
-\texttt{*} \texttt{/} \texttt{//} \texttt{\%} & Multiplication,
-Division, floor division, and modulus \\
-\texttt{+} \texttt{-} & Addition and subtraction \\
-\texttt{\textless{}\textless{}} \texttt{\textgreater{}\textgreater{}} &
-Bitwise left and right shifts \\
-\& & Bitwise AND \\
-\^{} & Bitwise XOR \\
-\textbar{} & Bitwise OR \\
-\texttt{==} \texttt{!=} \texttt{\textgreater{}} \texttt{\textgreater{}=}
-\texttt{\textless{}} \texttt{\textless{}=} \texttt{is} \texttt{is\ not}
-\texttt{in} \texttt{not\ in} & Comparision, identity and membership
-operators \\
-\texttt{not} & logical NOT \\
-\texttt{and} & AND \\
-\texttt{or} & OR \\
-\end{longtable}
-
-\subsection{Data types}\label{data-types}
-
-Data types are different ways a computer stores data. Other data types
-use fewer bits than others allowing you to better utilize your computer
-memory. This is important for engineers because The most common data
-types that an engineer encounters in python are numeric types. -
-\texttt{int} - integer - \texttt{float} - a decimal number -
-\texttt{complex} - imaginary number
-
-The comprehensive table below show all built-in data types available in
-python.
-
-\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}}
-\toprule\noalign{}
-Category & Data Type \\
-\midrule\noalign{}
-\endhead
-\bottomrule\noalign{}
-\endlastfoot
-Text & int, float, complex \\
-Sequance & list, tuple, range \\
-Mapping & dict \\
-Set & set, frozenset \\
-Boolean & bytes, bytearray, memoryview \\
-Binary & bytes, bytearray, memoryview \\
-None & NoneType \\
-\end{longtable}
-
-\subsection{Variables}\label{variables}
-
-A \textbf{variable} in Python is a name that stores a value, allowing
-you to use and manipulate data efficiently.
-
-\paragraph{Declaring and Assigning
-Variables}\label{declaring-and-assigning-variables}
-
-It is common in low-level computer languages to declare the datatype if
-the variable. In python, the datatype is set whilst you assign it. We
-assign values to variables using a single \texttt{=}.
-
-\begin{Shaded}
-\begin{Highlighting}[]
-\NormalTok{x }\OperatorTok{=} \DecValTok{10} \CommentTok{\# Integer}
-\NormalTok{y }\OperatorTok{=} \FloatTok{3.14} \CommentTok{\# Float}
-\NormalTok{name }\OperatorTok{=} \StringTok{"Joe"} \CommentTok{\# String}
-\NormalTok{is\_valid }\OperatorTok{=} \VariableTok{True} \CommentTok{\# Boolean}
-\end{Highlighting}
-\end{Shaded}
-
-You can assign multiple variables at once:
-
-\begin{Shaded}
-\begin{Highlighting}[]
-\NormalTok{a, b, c }\OperatorTok{=} \DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{3}
-\end{Highlighting}
-\end{Shaded}
-
-Similarly we can assign the same value to multiple variables:
-
-\begin{Shaded}
-\begin{Highlighting}[]
-\NormalTok{x }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ y }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ z }\OperatorTok{=} \DecValTok{100}
-\end{Highlighting}
-\end{Shaded}
-
-\subparagraph{Rules}\label{rules}
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\tightlist
-\item
- Must start with a letter or \texttt{\_}
-\item
- Cannot start with a number
-\item
- Can only contain letters, numbers, and \texttt{\_}
-\item
- Case-sensitive (\texttt{Name} and \texttt{name} are different)
-\end{itemize}
-
-\paragraph{Updating Variables}\label{updating-variables}
-
-You can change a variable's value at any time.
-
-\begin{Shaded}
-\begin{Highlighting}[]
-\NormalTok{x }\OperatorTok{=} \DecValTok{5}
-\NormalTok{x }\OperatorTok{=}\NormalTok{ x }\OperatorTok{+} \DecValTok{10} \CommentTok{\# Now x is 15}
-\end{Highlighting}
-\end{Shaded}
-
-Or shorthand:
-
-\begin{Shaded}
-\begin{Highlighting}[]
-\NormalTok{x }\OperatorTok{+=} \DecValTok{10} \CommentTok{\# Same as x = x + 10}
-\end{Highlighting}
-\end{Shaded}
-
-\paragraph{Variable Types \& Type
-Checking}\label{variable-types-type-checking}
-
-Use \texttt{type()} to check a variable's type.
-
-\begin{Shaded}
-\begin{Highlighting}[]
-\NormalTok{x }\OperatorTok{=} \DecValTok{10}
-\BuiltInTok{print}\NormalTok{(}\BuiltInTok{type}\NormalTok{(x)) }\CommentTok{\# Output: \textless{}class \textquotesingle{}int\textquotesingle{}\textgreater{}}
-
-\NormalTok{y }\OperatorTok{=} \StringTok{"Hello"}
-\BuiltInTok{print}\NormalTok{(}\BuiltInTok{type}\NormalTok{(y)) }\CommentTok{\# Output: \textless{}class \textquotesingle{}str\textquotesingle{}\textgreater{}}
-\end{Highlighting}
-\end{Shaded}