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+\section{Modular Programming}\label{modular-programming}
+
+\subsection{1. Introduction}\label{introduction}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\tightlist
+\item
+  A. What is Object-Oriented Programming?
+\item
+  B. Why use OOP? (vs.~procedural)
+\item
+  C. Real-world analogies (e.g., modeling components like pumps, motors,
+  or vehicles)
+\end{itemize}
+
+\begin{longtable}[]{@{}
+  >{\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth - 0\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0556}}@{}}
+\toprule\noalign{}
+\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedleft
+\#\# 2. Core OOP Concepts - A. \textbf{Classes and Objects} -
+Definitions - Syntax in Python - B. \textbf{Attributes and Methods} -
+Instance variables - Functions inside classes - C.
+\textbf{Encapsulation} - Public vs private variables - Using
+\texttt{\_\_init\_\_} and \texttt{self} - D. \textbf{Inheritance} -
+Parent and child classes - Reuse and extension of code - E.
+\textbf{Polymorphism} \emph{(brief overview)} - Method overriding -
+Flexibility in interfaces
+\end{minipage} \\
+\midrule\noalign{}
+\endhead
+\bottomrule\noalign{}
+\endlastfoot
+\#\# 3. Python OOP Syntax and Examples - A. Define a simple class (e.g.,
+\texttt{Spring}) - B. Instantiate objects and use methods - C. Show
+\texttt{\_\_init\_\_}, \texttt{\_\_str\_\_}, custom methods - D. Add a
+derived class (e.g., \texttt{DampedSpring} inherits from
+\texttt{Spring}) \\
+\end{longtable}
+
+\subsection{4. Engineering Applications of
+OOP}\label{engineering-applications-of-oop}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\tightlist
+\item
+  A. Modeling a mechanical system using classes
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \tightlist
+  \item
+    Example: Mass-Spring-Damper system
+  \end{itemize}
+\item
+  B. Creating reusable components (e.g., \texttt{Material},
+  \texttt{Beam}, \texttt{Force})
+\item
+  C. Organizing simulation code with OOP
+\end{itemize}
+
+\begin{center}\rule{0.5\linewidth}{0.5pt}\end{center}
+
+\subsection{5. Hands-On Coding Activity}\label{hands-on-coding-activity}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\tightlist
+\item
+  A. Write a class for a basic physical component (e.g., \texttt{Motor})
+\item
+  B. Add behavior (e.g., \texttt{calculate\_torque})
+\item
+  C. Extend with inheritance (e.g., \texttt{ServoMotor})
+\item
+  D. Bonus: Integrate two objects to simulate interaction
+\end{itemize}