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-{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "# Basics of Python\n",
- "\n",
- "This page contains important fundamental concepts used in Python such as\n",
- "syntax, operators, order or precedence and more.\n",
- "\n",
- "## Syntax\n",
- "\n",
- "### Indentations and blocks\n",
- "\n",
- "In python *indentations* or the space at the start of each line,\n",
- "signifies a block of code. This becomes important when we start working\n",
- "with function and loops. We will talk more about this in the controls\n",
- "structures tutorial.\n",
- "\n",
- "### Comments\n",
- "\n",
- "Comments can be added to your code using the hash operator (#). Any text\n",
- "behind the comment operator till the end of the line will be rendered as\n",
- "a comment. If you have an entire block of text or code that needs to be\n",
- "commented out, the triple quotation marks (“““) can be used. Once used\n",
- "all the code after it will be considered a comment until the comment is\n",
- "ended with the triple quotation marks.f\n",
- "\n",
- "## Operators\n",
- "\n",
- "In python, operators are special symbols or keywords that perform\n",
- "operations on values or variables. This section covers some of the most\n",
- "common operator that you will see in this course.\n",
- "\n",
- "### Arithmetic operators\n",
- "\n",
- "| Operator | Name |\n",
- "|----------|----------------|\n",
- "| \\+ | Addition |\n",
- "| \\- | Subtraction |\n",
- "| \\* | Multiplication |\n",
- "| / | Division |\n",
- "| % | Modulus |\n",
- "| \\*\\* | Exponentiation |\n",
- "| // | Floor division |\n",
- "\n",
- "### Comparison operators\n",
- "\n",
- "Used in conditional statements such as `if` statements or `while` loops.\n",
- "Note that in the computer world a double equal sign (`==`) means *is\n",
- "equal to*, where as the single equal sign assigns the variable or\n",
- "defines the variable to be something.\n",
- "\n",
- "| Operator | Name |\n",
- "|----------|--------------------------|\n",
- "| == | Equal |\n",
- "| != | Not equal |\n",
- "| \\> | Greater than |\n",
- "| \\< | Less than |\n",
- "| \\>= | Greater than or equal to |\n",
- "| \\<= | Less than or equal to |\n",
- "\n",
- "### Logical operators\n",
- "\n",
- "| Operator | Descrription |\n",
- "|----------|--------------------------------------------------------|\n",
- "| and | Returns True if both statemetns are true |\n",
- "| or | Returns True if one of the statements is true |\n",
- "| not | Reerse the result, returns False if the result is true |\n",
- "\n",
- "### Identity operators\n",
- "\n",
- "| Operator | Description |\n",
- "|----------|--------------------------------------------------------|\n",
- "| is | Returns True if both variables are the same object |\n",
- "| is not | Returns True if both variables are not the same object |\n",
- "\n",
- "## Order of Operation\n",
- "\n",
- "Similarly to the order or precedence in mathematics, different computer\n",
- "languages have their own set of rules. Here is a comprehensive table of\n",
- "the order of operation that python follows.\n",
- "\n",
- "| Operator | Description |\n",
- "|-------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|\n",
- "| `()` | Parentheses |\n",
- "| `**` | Exponentiation |\n",
- "| `+x` `-x` `~x` | Unary plus, unary minus, and bitwise NOT |\n",
- "| `*` `/` `//` `%` | Multiplication, Division, floor division, and modulus |\n",
- "| `+` `-` | Addition and subtraction |\n",
- "| `<<` `>>` | Bitwise left and right shifts |\n",
- "| & | Bitwise AND |\n",
- "| ^ | Bitwise XOR |\n",
- "| \\| | Bitwise OR |\n",
- "| `==` `!=` `>` `>=` `<` `<=` `is` `is not` `in` `not in` | Comparision, identity and membership operators |\n",
- "| `not` | logical NOT |\n",
- "| `and` | AND |\n",
- "| `or` | OR |\n",
- "\n",
- "## Data types\n",
- "\n",
- "Data types are different ways a computer stores data. Other data types\n",
- "use fewer bits than others allowing you to better utilize your computer\n",
- "memory. This is important for engineers because The most common data\n",
- "types that an engineer encounters in python are numeric types. - `int` -\n",
- "integer - `float` - a decimal number - `complex` - imaginary number\n",
- "\n",
- "The comprehensive table below show all built-in data types available in\n",
- "python.\n",
- "\n",
- "| Category | Data Type |\n",
- "|----------|------------------------------|\n",
- "| Text | int, float, complex |\n",
- "| Sequance | list, tuple, range |\n",
- "| Mapping | dict |\n",
- "| Set | set, frozenset |\n",
- "| Boolean | bytes, bytearray, memoryview |\n",
- "| Binary | bytes, bytearray, memoryview |\n",
- "| None | NoneType |\n",
- "\n",
- "## Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "A **variable** in Python is a name that stores a value, allowing you to\n",
- "use and manipulate data efficiently.\n",
- "\n",
- "#### Declaring and Assigning Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "It is common in low-level computer languages to declare the datatype if\n",
- "the variable. In python, the datatype is set whilst you assign it. We\n",
- "assign values to variables using a single `=`.\n",
- "\n",
- "``` python\n",
- "x = 10 # Integer\n",
- "y = 3.14 # Float\n",
- "name = \"Joe\" # String\n",
- "is_valid = True # Boolean\n",
- "```\n",
- "\n",
- "You can assign multiple variables at once:\n",
- "\n",
- "``` python\n",
- "a, b, c = 1, 2, 3\n",
- "```\n",
- "\n",
- "Similarly we can assign the same value to multiple variables:\n",
- "\n",
- "``` python\n",
- "x = y = z = 100\n",
- "```\n",
- "\n",
- "##### Rules\n",
- "\n",
- "- Must start with a letter or `_`\n",
- "- Cannot start with a number\n",
- "- Can only contain letters, numbers, and `_`\n",
- "- Case-sensitive (`Name` and `name` are different)\n",
- "\n",
- "#### Updating Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "You can change a variable’s value at any time.\n",
- "\n",
- "``` python\n",
- "x = 5\n",
- "x = x + 10 # Now x is 15\n",
- "```\n",
- "\n",
- "Or shorthand:\n",
- "\n",
- "``` python\n",
- "x += 10 # Same as x = x + 10\n",
- "```\n",
- "\n",
- "#### Variable Types & Type Checking\n",
- "\n",
- "Use `type()` to check a variable’s type.\n",
- "\n",
- "``` python\n",
- "x = 10\n",
- "print(type(x)) # Output: <class 'int'>\n",
- "\n",
- "y = \"Hello\"\n",
- "print(type(y)) # Output: <class 'str'>\n",
- "```"
- ],
- "id": "e14d8bfc-8b11-4e2b-aaf1-2b676706e16f"
- }
- ],
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 5,
- "metadata": {}
-}
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.46.0) at 2026-01-23 22:34:04 +0000