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diff --git a/tutorials/module_4/4.4 Statistical Analysis.md b/tutorials/module_4/4.4 Statistical Analysis.md index c4c32b0..4272e8b 100644 --- a/tutorials/module_4/4.4 Statistical Analysis.md +++ b/tutorials/module_4/4.4 Statistical Analysis.md @@ -77,8 +77,18 @@ This helps to assess confidence in their results and identify outliers that may ## Spectroscopy ### Background -Spectroscopy is the study of how matter interacts with electromagnetic radiation, including the absorption and emission of light and other forms of radiation. It examines how these interactions depend on the wavelength of the radiation, providing insight into the physical and chemical properties of materials. In simple terms, spectroscopy helps us understand what substances are made of and how they behave when exposed to energy. +Spectroscopy is the study of how matter interacts with electromagnetic radiation, including the absorption and emission of light and other forms of radiation. It examines how these interactions depend on the wavelength of the radiation, providing insight into the physical and chemical properties of materials. This is how NASA determines the composition of planetary surfaces and atmospheres. It's also applied in combustion and thermal analysis where spectroscopy measure plasma temperature and monitors exhaust composition in rocket engines. + +In simple terms, spectroscopy helps us understand what substances are made of and how they behave when exposed to high levels energy to help improve system performance and efficiency. These applications allow us to better understand material behavior under extreme conditions and improve system performance and efficiency. + +### Spectrometer +The instrument used to measure the spectra of light is called a spectrometer. It works on the basis of taking light, scatters it and then projecting the spectra onto a detector allowing us to capture the intensity of the light at different wavelengths. See the supplementary video of the inside of a spectrometer. + + +Once the data is collected we can compare our data with know spectra of elements to then identify their composition. The figure below, show the spectra of different elements. + +<img src="image_1762366586870.png" width="500"> + -In engineering applications, spectroscopy is a powerful diagnostic and analysis tool. It can be used for material identification, such as how NASA determines the composition of planetary surfaces and atmospheres. It’s also applied in combustion and thermal analysis, where emission spectroscopy measures plasma temperatures and monitors exhaust composition in rocket engines. These applications allow engineers to better understand material behavior under extreme conditions and improve system performance and efficiency. ## Problem: Eliminating uncertainty in Spectroscopy readings When using spectroscopy to measure emission intensity, each reading fluctuates slightly due to sensor noise, temperature drift or electronic fluctuations. By taking multiple readings and averaging them, random errors (positive and negative) tend to cancel out, the mean converges to the true value. The standard deviation quantifies how precise the measurement is. Plot all readings of intensity as a function of wavelength on top of each other. Calculate the mean, standard deviation and variance. Then plot the intensity readings as a histogram. Comment on the distributions type.
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