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\section{Modular Programming}\label{modular-programming}
\subsection{1. Introduction}\label{introduction}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
A. What is Object-Oriented Programming?
\item
B. Why use OOP? (vs.~procedural)
\item
C. Real-world analogies (e.g., modeling components like pumps, motors,
or vehicles)
\end{itemize}
\subsection{2. Core OOP Concepts}\label{core-oop-concepts}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
A. \textbf{Classes and Objects}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
Definitions
\item
Syntax in Python
\end{itemize}
\item
B. \textbf{Attributes and Methods}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
Instance variables
\item
Functions inside classes
\end{itemize}
\item
C. \textbf{Encapsulation}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
Public vs private variables
\item
Using \texttt{\_\_init\_\_} and \texttt{self}
\end{itemize}
\item
D. \textbf{Inheritance}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
Parent and child classes
\item
Reuse and extension of code
\end{itemize}
\item
E. \textbf{Polymorphism} \emph{(brief overview)}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
Method overriding
\item
Flexibility in interfaces
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\subsection{3. Python OOP Syntax and
Examples}\label{python-oop-syntax-and-examples}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
A. Define a simple class (e.g., \texttt{Spring})
\item
B. Instantiate objects and use methods
\item
C. Show \texttt{\_\_init\_\_}, \texttt{\_\_str\_\_}, custom methods
\item
D. Add a derived class (e.g., \texttt{DampedSpring} inherits from
\texttt{Spring})
\end{itemize}
\subsection{4. Engineering Applications of
OOP}\label{engineering-applications-of-oop}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
A. Modeling a mechanical system using classes
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
Example: Mass-Spring-Damper system
\end{itemize}
\item
B. Creating reusable components (e.g., \texttt{Material},
\texttt{Beam}, \texttt{Force})
\item
C. Organizing simulation code with OOP
\end{itemize}
\subsection{5. Hands-On Coding Activity}\label{hands-on-coding-activity}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
A. Write a class for a basic physical component (e.g., \texttt{Motor})
\item
B. Add behavior (e.g., \texttt{calculate\_torque})
\item
C. Extend with inheritance (e.g., \texttt{ServoMotor})
\item
D. Bonus: Integrate two objects to simulate interaction
\end{itemize}
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