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# Basics of Python
This page contains important fundamental concepts used in Python such as syntax, operators, order or precedence and more.
## Syntax
### Indentations and blocks
In python *indentations* or the space at the start of each line, signifies a block of code. This becomes important when we start working with function and loops. We will talk more about this in the controls structures tutorial.
### Comments
Comments can be added to your code using the hash operator (#). Any text behind the comment operator till the end of the line will be rendered as a comment.
If you have an entire block of text or code that needs to be commented out, the triple quotation marks (""") can be used. Once used all the code after it will be considered a comment until the comment is ended with the triple quotation marks.
## Operators
### Arithmetic operators
| Operator | Name |
| --- | --- |
| + | Addition |
| - | Subtraction |
| * | Multiplication |
| / | Division |
| % | Modulus |
| ** | Exponentiation |
| // | Floor division |
### Comparison operators
| Operator | Name |
| --- | --- |
| == | Equal |
| != | Not equal |
| > | Greater than |
| < | Less than |
| >= | Greater than or equal to |
| <= | Less than or equal to |
### Logical operators
| Operator | Descrription |
| --- | --- |
| and | Returns True if both statemetns are true |
| or | Returns True if one of the statements is true |
| not | Reerse the result, returns False if the result is true |
### Identity operators
| Operator | Description |
| --- | --- |
| is | Returns True if both variables are the same object |
| is not | Returns True if both variables are not the same object |
## Order of Operation
| Operator | Description |
| --- | --- |
| () | Parentheses |
| ** | Exponentiation |
| * / // % | Multiplication, Division, floor division, and modulus |
| & | AND |
| ^ | XOR |
| \| | OR |
| == | Comparision, identity and membership operators |
| not | logical NOT |
| and | AND |
| or | OR |
## Data types
Data types are different ways a computer stores data. Other data types use fewer bits than others allowing you to better utilize your computer memory. This is important for engineers because
The most common data types that an engineer encounters in python are numeric types.
- 'int' - integer
- 'float' - a decimal number
- 'complex' - imaginary number
The comprehensive table below show all built-in data types available in python.
| Category | Data Type |
| -------- | ---------------------------- |
| Text | int, float, complex |
| Sequance | list, tuple, range |
| Mapping | dict |
| Set | set, frozenset |
| Boolean | bytes, bytearray, memoryview |
| Binary | bytes, bytearray, memoryview |
| None | NoneType |
## Variables
A **variable** in Python is a name that stores a value, allowing you to use and manipulate data efficiently.
#### Declaring and Assigning Variables
In Python, you don’t need to declare the type of a variable. Just assign a value using `=`.
```python
x = 10 # Integer
y = 3.14 # Float
name = "Joe" # String
is_valid = True # Boolean
```
You can assign multiple variables at once:
```python
a, b, c = 1, 2, 3
```
Similarly we can assign the same value to multiple variables:
```python
x = y = z = 100
```
##### Rules
- Must start with a letter or `_`
- Cannot start with a number
- Can only contain letters, numbers, and `_`
- Case-sensitive (`Name` and `name` are different)
#### Updating Variables
You can change a variable’s value at any time.
```python
x = 5
x = x + 10 # Now x is 15
```
Or shorthand:
```python
x += 10 # Same as x = x + 10
```
#### Variable Types & Type Checking
Use `type()` to check a variable’s type.
```python
x = 10
print(type(x)) # Output: <class 'int'>
y = "Hello"
print(type(y)) # Output: <class 'str'>
```
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